The declaration of martial law after Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022 cancelled the limited right to alternative service in peacetime. Hundreds of conscientious objectors to mobilisation – on religious and non-religious grounds – have been detained, forced into the army, held illegally (often for months) on military bases, or criminally p

ability to continue driving industrial transformation will face even greater uncertainty. Moreover, experts have pointed out that over the past half-century, the Gulf countries’ relatively successful economic diversification efforts have been most apparent in the shipping and logistics sectors. However, the ongoing U.S. tariff war could lead to a

Given the region’s history of unresolved maritime border tensions, it is not far-fetched to imagine new conflicts emerging over resources exposed by a shrinking shoreline.The Caspian region has always been a zone of competition and strategic significance. The littoral states will undoubtedly bear the brunt of the consequences if water levels keep

Two regional conflicts have impacted Armenian regional security and foreign policy since 2020—the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and the Russia–Ukraine War. The two wars have impacted Armenian calculations with regard to Russia and the West. The Nicol Pashinyan government suspended its participation in the Collective

and governance models. This approach reflects a deliberate effort to dictate the technical rules underpinning global communications, effectively extending Beijing’s influence over how information flows across borders. If China’s LEO satellite network secures alignment with ITU-approved standards, many developing nations may have no viable alter